Bigmurph6
Banned
Glutamine
syn. L-glutamine
syn. 2-amino-4-carbamoyl-butanoic acid
PERFORMANCE VALIDATION SCORES
Combined 8
Clinical Support Rating 5
Empirical Evidence Rating 3
Description
Glutamine is a common dietary amino acid. In humans, it is the most abundant amino acid in the extracellular pool. Furthermore, over 90% of the whole-body glutamine content is found in the muscles. Glutamine is classified as a conditionally essential amino acid, which means that while the body is normally capable of manufacturing enough to meet
its metabolic needs, under certain conditions (such as catabolic or immune-compromised states) it must be supplied in the diet. This amino acid is active beyond its role as a component of tissue proteins, and is involved in a variety of metabolic functions including
the support of immunity, gastrointestinal integrity, insulin secretion, neurological activity, and muscle protein synthesis.
Glutamine has been shown to exert several biological activities that, at least in theory, might be of benefit to an exercising individual. To begin with, glutamine supports the synthesis of proteins in muscle cells… It is also involved in the osmotic regulation of cell volume. Increasing glutamine pools may result in cell swelling This effect increases cell size and poten-
tially also the rate of protein synthesis. Some studies also suggest an ability for glutamine
supplementation to manipulate tissue insulin sensitivity, which may help to partition nutrients away from fat storage and towards the muscles and liver." Glutamine may also reduce muscle protein breakdown rates, an effect that may be mediated in part via the inhibition of myostatin, a protein that negatively influences muscle protein retention.”
Cellular metabolism and energy production are also influenced by glutamine in several other ways. For example, glutamine is an intermediary in the citric acid (TCA) cycle, and is utilized for energy by some cells. Glutamine is also involved in glucose metabolism, and its supplementation has been shown to increase the storage of whole-body glycogen… An increase in the cellular glutamine pool may also crease the exercise-induced release of IL-6 (Inter-leukin-6), a hormone-like cytokine involved in
inflammation. While low resting IL-6 levels are desirable for health, brief IL-6 elevations immediately bat the buildup of ammonia, a waste product of anaerfatty acid oxidation. Glutamine may also help comobic energy metabolism. It can also increase to glutathione Glutamine is also very important to human digestion
and immunity. Glutamine depletion after prolonged endurance exercise has been associated with suppression of the immune system. In some studies, the supstimulate the immune system and reduce the inciplementation of glutamine has been shown to dence of illness following prolonged endurance exercise.
Glutamine supplementation may also
support the health and integrity of the intestinal liningor HIV/AIDS
It is often used in hospitals for its ability to support gastrointestinal health and nutritional absorption in patients with gastrointestinal disease, burn-trauma, Because glutamine is so readily utilized by the intestines, liver, and kidneys, its bioavailability in serum is fairly low. It is estimated that as little as 10% of the administered dose may reach the muscles intact.
Supplements containing glutamine are widely used in sports nutrition to enhance muscle growth, immunity, and recovery following intense exercise. Glutamine levels do decline with intense exercise, and supplementation of this amino acid has been shown to increase muscle glutamine pools. The potential anabolic and performance-enhancing benefits to this,
however, remain the subject of much debate. An ergogenic effect has been demonstrated with glutamine supplementation, but such benefits have been very inconsistent. In spite of this inconsistency, glutamine appears to be a supplement with significant potential,
especially for those undergoing intense weight training programs or high-level endurance activities.
Glutamine is available in both free amino acid form, bound). Studies suggest that the bioavailability of free mine peptides. Most clinical studies have also been glutamine is considerably higher than that of glutathione preferred use of this type of glutamine supplement. Benefits conducted with free L-glutamine, supporting the preferred benefits have also been noted in clinical studies with
glutamine peptides, however, so both are likely to
offer some effect. Further research is needed to better understand the therapeutic advantages.
syn. L-glutamine
syn. 2-amino-4-carbamoyl-butanoic acid
PERFORMANCE VALIDATION SCORES
Combined 8
Clinical Support Rating 5
Empirical Evidence Rating 3
Description
Glutamine is a common dietary amino acid. In humans, it is the most abundant amino acid in the extracellular pool. Furthermore, over 90% of the whole-body glutamine content is found in the muscles. Glutamine is classified as a conditionally essential amino acid, which means that while the body is normally capable of manufacturing enough to meet
its metabolic needs, under certain conditions (such as catabolic or immune-compromised states) it must be supplied in the diet. This amino acid is active beyond its role as a component of tissue proteins, and is involved in a variety of metabolic functions including
the support of immunity, gastrointestinal integrity, insulin secretion, neurological activity, and muscle protein synthesis.
Glutamine has been shown to exert several biological activities that, at least in theory, might be of benefit to an exercising individual. To begin with, glutamine supports the synthesis of proteins in muscle cells… It is also involved in the osmotic regulation of cell volume. Increasing glutamine pools may result in cell swelling This effect increases cell size and poten-
tially also the rate of protein synthesis. Some studies also suggest an ability for glutamine
supplementation to manipulate tissue insulin sensitivity, which may help to partition nutrients away from fat storage and towards the muscles and liver." Glutamine may also reduce muscle protein breakdown rates, an effect that may be mediated in part via the inhibition of myostatin, a protein that negatively influences muscle protein retention.”
Cellular metabolism and energy production are also influenced by glutamine in several other ways. For example, glutamine is an intermediary in the citric acid (TCA) cycle, and is utilized for energy by some cells. Glutamine is also involved in glucose metabolism, and its supplementation has been shown to increase the storage of whole-body glycogen… An increase in the cellular glutamine pool may also crease the exercise-induced release of IL-6 (Inter-leukin-6), a hormone-like cytokine involved in
inflammation. While low resting IL-6 levels are desirable for health, brief IL-6 elevations immediately bat the buildup of ammonia, a waste product of anaerfatty acid oxidation. Glutamine may also help comobic energy metabolism. It can also increase to glutathione Glutamine is also very important to human digestion
and immunity. Glutamine depletion after prolonged endurance exercise has been associated with suppression of the immune system. In some studies, the supstimulate the immune system and reduce the inciplementation of glutamine has been shown to dence of illness following prolonged endurance exercise.
Glutamine supplementation may also
support the health and integrity of the intestinal liningor HIV/AIDS
It is often used in hospitals for its ability to support gastrointestinal health and nutritional absorption in patients with gastrointestinal disease, burn-trauma, Because glutamine is so readily utilized by the intestines, liver, and kidneys, its bioavailability in serum is fairly low. It is estimated that as little as 10% of the administered dose may reach the muscles intact.
Supplements containing glutamine are widely used in sports nutrition to enhance muscle growth, immunity, and recovery following intense exercise. Glutamine levels do decline with intense exercise, and supplementation of this amino acid has been shown to increase muscle glutamine pools. The potential anabolic and performance-enhancing benefits to this,
however, remain the subject of much debate. An ergogenic effect has been demonstrated with glutamine supplementation, but such benefits have been very inconsistent. In spite of this inconsistency, glutamine appears to be a supplement with significant potential,
especially for those undergoing intense weight training programs or high-level endurance activities.
Glutamine is available in both free amino acid form, bound). Studies suggest that the bioavailability of free mine peptides. Most clinical studies have also been glutamine is considerably higher than that of glutathione preferred use of this type of glutamine supplement. Benefits conducted with free L-glutamine, supporting the preferred benefits have also been noted in clinical studies with
glutamine peptides, however, so both are likely to
offer some effect. Further research is needed to better understand the therapeutic advantages.
